Legislation in several countries (e.g. the Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 in Great Britain, in compliance with European Union Directive 86/609 requires that those intending to use laboratory animals have to satisfy the relevant authorities (e.g. the Home Office) that the objectives of the proposed work could not be achieved without the use of sentient animals.
This requires documentary evidence, usually in the form of a literature search, to demonstrate that alternative methods are not reasonably and practicably available. When animal methods have to be used, legislation requires that the minimum number of animals are used (Reduction) and they are subjected to the least harmful and invasive procedures (Refinement).
Combes Consulting undertakes customised searches to find any alternatives that are available, and would have to be used, and provides advice on the application of Reduction and Refinement strategies, where these are required. This facilitates project planning and the animal licence application process.
Selected publications
Combes, R.D. (2005). Assessing risk to humans from chemical exposure by using non-animal test data. Toxicology in Vitro 19, 921-924.
Combes, R., Balls, M., Illing, P., Bhogal, N., Dale, J., Duvé, G., Feron, V., Grindon, C., Güülden, M., Loizou, G., Priston, R. & Westmoreland, C. (2006). Possibilities for a new approach to chemicals risk assessment –– The Report of a FRAME Workshop. ATLA 34, 621-649.
Combes, R.D . (2006). Alternatives to animal testing. In: Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II Volume 1, (David J Triggle & John B Taylor, Eds.), Elsevier, Oxford, pp 463-487.
Combes, R.D. (2004). The case for taking account of metabolism when testing for potential endocrine disruptors in vitro. ATLA 32, 121-135.
Coecke, S., Ahr, H., Blaauboer, B.J., Bremer, S., Casati, S., Castell, J., Combes, R., Corvi, R., Crespi, C.L., Cunningham, M.L., Elaut, G., Eletti, B., Freidig, A., Gennari, A., Ghersi-Egea, J-F., Guillouzo, A., Hartung, T., Hoet, P., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., Munn, S., Jassens, W., Ladstetter, B., Leahy, D., Long, A., Meneguz, A., Monshouwer M., Morath, S., Nagelkerke, F., Pelkonen, O., Ponti, J., Prieto, P., Richert, L., Sabbioni, E., Schaack, B., Steiliing, W., Testai, E., Vericat, J-A. & Worth, A. (2006). Metabolism: a bottleneck in in vitro toxicological test development. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 54. ATLA 34, 49-84.
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